The perioperative use of Beta blockers has been one universally accepted strategy to ensure that cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among cardiac patients, both for cardiac and non-cardiac surgery, be reduced. This led to many research protocols which included RCTs, blinded and non- blinded, and perhaps a lot more unpublished studies across the world. The latest published guideline is embodied in the ACC/AHA 2007 Perioperative Guidelines, which states the following Recommendations for Beta blocker Medical Therapy: Class I (useful) 1.